code_of_the_damned();

I am not aware of a software design pattern that has been vilified more than The Singleton. Just as every other design pattern, the singleton has its merits. Given the right situation, it provides a simple a clean solution, and just as every other design pattern, it can be misused.

I have always had a hard time understanding why everyone was so quick to criticize the singleton. Recently, this cognitive dissonance has forced me on a journey that led to an epiphany I would like to share. This post focuses on the singleton, its valid criticisms, misplaced criticisms, and guidelines for how it can be used appropriately.

Oh! and my epiphany.

The Pattern

The Singleton is classified as an Object Creational pattern in Design Patterns - Elements of Resusable Object-Oriented Software, the Gang-of-Four (GOF) book. This pattern provides a way to ensure that only one instance of a class exists, and also provides a global point of access to that instance.

This design pattern gives the control of instantiation to the class itself. This eliminates the obvious contention of who is responsible for creating the sole instance. The suggested implementation for this pattern is to hide the constructors, and provide a static member function to create the object instance when it is first requested.

There are many benefits that can be realized using the Singleton:

• Controlled access to the sole instance of the object
• Permits refinement of operations and implementations through subclassing
• Permits a variable number of instances
• More flexible than class operations
• Reduced pollution of the global namespace
• Common variables can be grouped in a Singleton
• Lazy allocation of a global resource

Structure

Here is the UML class-structure diagram for the Singleton:

Singleton

- instance : Singleton = null

+ getInstance() : Singleton

- Singleton() : void

Criticisms

I have heard three primary criticisms against the use of a Singleton design pattern.

• They are overused/misused
• Global State

• Difficult to correctly implement a multi-threaded singleton in language X
  

I will explain these criticisms in depth in a moment. First, on my quest I recognized these common criticisms and the topics they were focused on. In many cases, however, I don't think the focus of the criticism was placed on the right topic. In the forest of problems, not every problem is a tree, such as The Mighty Singleton. There is a bigger picture to recognize and explore here.

Overuse/Misuse

"Here's a hammer, don't hurt yourself!"

That about sums it up for me; all kidding aside, a software design pattern is simply another tool to help us develop effective solutions efficiently. Maybe you have heard this question raised about the harm technology 'X' is capable of:

'X' can be really dangerous in the wrong hands, maybe it would be best if we never used 'X'?!

Now fill in the technology for 'X', fire, nuclear energy, hammers, Facebook... the list is potentially endless.

"Give an idiot a tool, and no one is safe" seems to be the message this sort of thinking projects. At some point we are all novices with respect to these technologies, tools, and design patterns. The difference between becoming an idiot and a proficient developer is the use of good judgment. It is foolish to think sound judgment is not a required skill for a programmer.

Global State

Globally scoped variables are bad, because they are like the wild west of user data. There is no control, anyone can use, modify, destroy the data at anytime. Let's backup a step and rephrase the last sentence to be more helpful. Caution must be used when storing state in the global scope because its access is uncontrolled. Beyond that last statement, how global state is used should be decided when it is considered to help solve a problem.

I believe this is the webpage that is often cited to me when discussing why the use of Singletons is bad: Why Singletons Are Controversial [^]. The two problems asserted by the author relate to global data. The first problem claims that objects that depend on singleton's are inextricably coupled together cannot be tested in isolation. The second objection is that dependencies are hidden when they are accessed globally.

The first problem is not too difficult to solve, at least with C and C++. I know enough of JAVA and C# to be productive, but not enough to make any bold claims regarding the Singleton. If you know how to get around this perceived limitation in a different language, please post it as a comment. Regardless, the approach I would take in any language to separate these dependencies is to add another abstraction layer. When the resources are defined for reference or linking, refer to an object that can stand-in for your Singleton.

The second objection suggests that all parameters should be explicitly passed as parameters. My personal preference is to not have to type in parameters, especially if the only reason for adding a parameter is to pass it another layer deeper. Carrying around a multitude of data encapsulated within a single object is my preference.

Also consider system state that is simply read, but not written. A single point of controlled access to manage the lookup of system time and network connectivity may provide a much cleaner solution than a hodge-podge collection of unrelated system calls. The collection of dependencies is now managed in the Singleton. This is true; that you may not know where every access of your Singleton occurs, however, you can know for certain what is accessed through the Singleton.

Multi-thread Safe Singleton Implementations

One challenge that must be accounted for when considering the use of a Singleton, is its creation in a multi-threaded environment. However, the debates that stem from this initial conversation regarding thread-safe creation of the Singleton diverges into a long list of other potential issues that are possible. The final conclusion, therefore, is that the Singleton is very difficult to get right, so it shouldn't be used at all.

This type of rationale says very little about the Singleton and much more about the opinion of the person making the argument. One thing I think it is important for everyone to understand is that there is no silver-bullet solution. No solution, technique or development process is the perfect solution for every problem.

Double-Checked Lock Pattern (DCLP)

The Double-Checked Lock Pattern is an implementation pattern to reduce the overhead to provide thread-safe solution in a location that will be called frequently, yet the call to synchronize will be needed infrequently. The pattern uses two conditional statements to determine first if the lock needs to be acquired, and second to modify the resource, if necessary, after the lock has been acquired. Here is a pseudo-code example:

C++

The code above looks innocuous and straight-forward. It is important to understand that a compiler inspects this code, and attempts to perform optimizations that will improve the speed of the code, and continue to be reliable. This white-paper, C++ and the Perils of Double-Checked Locking [^] , by Scott Meyers and Andrei Alexandrescu is an excellent read that helped me reach my epiphany. While the concrete details focus on C++, the principles described are relevant for any language.

It's about 15 pages long and a fun read. The authors describe the hidden perils of the DCLP in C++. Every step of the way they dig deeper to show potential issues that can arise and why. Each issue I was thinkning "Yeah, but what if you used 'X'?" The very next paragraph would start like "You may be thinking of trying 'X' to resolve this issue, however..." So in this regard, it was very entertaining for me, and also opened my eyes to some topics I have been ignorant about.

The subtle perils that exist are due to the compilers ability to re-order the processing of statements that are deemed unrelated. In some cases, this means that the value, m_instance, is assigned before the object's constructor has completed. This would actually permit the second thread to continue processing on an uninitialized object if it hits the first if statement after the first thread starts the call to:

m_instance = new Object;

The primary conclusion of the investigation is that constructs with hard sequence-points, or memory barriers, are required to create a thread-safe solution. The memory barriers do not permit the compiler and processor to execute instructions on different sides of the barrier until the memory caches have been flushed.

Here is the augmented pseudo-code that indicates where the memory barriers should be applied in C++ to make this code thread-safe:

C++

I was struck by the epiphany when I read this sentence from the paper:

Finally, DCLP and its problems in C++ and C exemplify the inherent difficulty in writing thread-safe code in a language with no notion of threading (or any other form of concurrency). Multithreading considerations are pervasive, because they affect the very core of code generation.

My Epiphany

Before I explain my epiphany, take a quick look at the UML structure diagram again. The Singleton is deceptively simple. There isn't much to take in while looking at that class diagram. There is an object that contains a static member function. That's it.

The devil is in the details

• How is it implemented?
• How is it used?
• What is it used for?
• Which language is used to implemented it?
• How do you like to test your software?

I believe that the Singleton may be criticized so widely because of those who jump too quickly to think they understand all there is to know about this design pattern. When something goes wrong, it's not their misunderstanding of the pattern, the pattern's simply broken, so don't use it. Being bitten by a software bug caused by someone else's ignorance is frustrating. To me, watching someone dismiss something they do not understand is even more frustrating.

Before my epiphany, I felt many times like I was trying to stand up and defend the Singleton when I was involved in conversations focused on this design pattern. Now I realize, that is not was I was trying to accomplish. I was trying to understand what the real issue was. Out of the three arguments I common hear from above, the multi-threaded argument is the only one that seemed to be a valid concern. The other two simply require the use of good judgment to overcome.

Now if we focus on the multi-threading issue, we can take a step back and realize that the problem does not lay with the Singleton, but the language the Singleton is implemented in. If your programming language does not natively provide multi-threading as part of the language, it becomes very challenging to write portable and correct multi-threaded code. All of this time, blame and criticisms have been placed upon the Singleton, when actually it was the tools we were using to implement the Singleton. It is foolish to eschew the Singleton for its unsafe behavior in a multi-threaded environment without considering that all of the other code written in that environment is open to the same liabilities.

Usage Guidelines

As promised, here are some guidelines to help you use the Singleton effectively. There are at least four common implementations of the Singleton in JAVA, and the DCLP version should not be used prior to the J2SE 5.0 release of the language. C++ has the same potential issue that can be resolved with the native threading support in C++11. For .NET developers, the memory synchronization provides the appropriate memory barriers.

For earlier versions of C++ it is recommended to create Singleton instances before the main function starts. This will prevent the benefit of lazy instantiation, however, it will safely create the instance before other threads begin executing. Care must still be taken if your Singleton has dependencies on other modules, as C++ does not provide a guarantee for the order that modules are initialized.

It is possible to use lazy instantiation safely in C++ with a minor adjustment. Modify the get_instance() function to use the one-check locking by simply synchronizing with a mutex. Then make a call to get_instance() at the beginning of each thread that will access the object and store a pointer to it. Thread-Local Storage mechanisms can be used to provide thread specific access to the object. The introduction of TLS will not be portable, however, it will be thread-safe.

Summary

We manage complexity by abstracting the details behind interfaces. Every abstraction reduces the perceived complexity of a solution just a bit more. Sometimes the complexity is reduced until it is a single box with the name of a static member function inside. The majority of our job is to identify problems, and provide solutions. Unfortunately, many times we are quick attribute the root cause to the wrong factor. Therefore, when an issue is discovered with a software component, take a step back and look at the bigger picture. Is this a localized phenomenon, or a symptom of a more systemic issue?